By Luigi Morsa and Richard Maltzman
January 15, 2026
The famous former basketball player Scottie Pippen once said, “Chemistry is a very important element for any team that wants to be serious about winning.” [1] By chemistry, most likely, Pippen meant the intangible bond and synergy among teammates that makes them function as a team – far more capable than just a collection of individuals.
This idea bounces beyond basketball. Similar expressions are heard in business, music, and any group effort where success depends on collaboration. In these contexts, chemistry acts as the emotional glue that makes cooperation smooth. It’s human chemistry that enables people to handle conflict constructively, celebrate each other’s achievements, and remain resilient under pressure.
This raises an important question: What’s the science behind human chemistry? And in project management, who is responsible for creating good and productive team chemistry?
As underlined in a recently published article in PM World Journal (Bassi 2025, [2]), neuroscience has achieved extraordinary progress in recent decades in helping us to understand the brain processes underlying decisions, emotions, and social interactions. The synergy between neuroscience and Project Management represents a promising frontier, capable of transforming the discipline into a truly predictive, adaptive, and sustainable approach.
Why Neuroscience
A leader who is aware of neurobiological dynamics can implement so‑called ‘Neuroleadership,’ with evident benefits. Some of the most important benefits include:
- Better Decision-Making. Neuroscience reveals how cognitive biases, which are mental shortcuts our brains use to make quick decisions, shape choices. By recognizing these biases, project managers can make more balanced, evidence-based decisions. Error! Reference source not found.
- Managing Stress and Resilience. Chronic stress compromises working memory and problem-solving capacity, generating defensive behaviors and reducing creativity. A project manager who takes these mechanisms into account can adopt stress-regulation strategies. [2]
- Enhancing Motivation and Engagement. Neurobiology shows how neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin drive motivation, trust, and confidence. Leaders who understand these mechanisms can design environments that boost morale and productivity. More details on these neurotransmitters are explained in the next section.
- Improving Communication and Empathy. Neuroscience helps leaders tailor communication strategies to build trust and reduce resistance to change. [3]
- Creating Psychologically Safe Environments. Research in neuroleadership backs the value of psychological safety, not just for team motivation, but also for innovation, performance, and overall project success. [4]
Key Brain Chemicals in Leadership and Project Management
Let’s take a closer look at the Key Brain Chemicals of our interest. In order to introduce them, it is appropriate to give a general definition before. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that carry messages between nerve cells, also called neurons. Neurotransmitters help neurons to communicate and regulate everything from mood to muscle movement. Common neurotransmitters – for instance serotonin, dopamine, and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) play critical roles in mental health and emotional balance. [5]
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter produced in the brain that regulates functions like motivation, reward, movement, attention, mood, and learning. [6] Dopamine is linked to pleasure because it activates the brain’s reward system, driving motivation, anticipation, and reinforcement of pleasurable behaviors—but it’s more about wanting than pure enjoyment. The actual sensation of pleasure is mediated by other chemicals, like endorphins and serotonin, while dopamine drives the anticipation and effort to reach pleasurable outcomes. [7]
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, digestion, and overall emotional well-being. Lack of enough serotonin is thought to play a role in depression, anxiety, mania and other health conditions. [8]
Oxytocin is a hormone and neurotransmitter often called the “love hormone” because it plays a key role in bonding, trust, and emotional connection. [9] Low levels may be linked to social anxiety, depression, and difficulty forming relationships.
Norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline) is a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a key role in the body’s stress response, alertness, and regulation of blood pressure. [10] It helps prepare the body for action during stressful situations. Low levels are associated with depression, fatigue, and poor concentration. [11]
GABA is the brain’s primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning it helps calm down neural activity. It plays a crucial role in reducing anxiety, promoting relaxation, and maintaining a balanced mood. [12, 13]
Our focus, of course, lies on the relationship between neurotransmitters and leadership. The table below summarizes how leaders may leverage neuroscientific insights to enhance motivation, cultivate trust, and regulate stress.
Applying Neuroscience to Leadership: Neurotransmitters, Strategies and Project Actions | ||
| Neurotransmitter | Leadership Strategy | Practical Actions in Project Management |
| Dopamine | Motivate with progress and recognition | · Set clear goals and milestones · Celebrate small wins · Offer growth opportunities and autonomy |
| Serotonin | Build confidence and stability | · Encourage peer recognition. Facilitate opportunities for team members to express gratitude and acknowledge each other’s contributions · Promote work-life balance · Create rituals that foster pride and belonging |
| Oxytocin | Foster trust and connection | · Lead with empathy and vulnerability · Encourage collaboration and team bonding · Show appreciation regularly |
| Norepinephrine | Channel focus and urgency | · Use deadlines strategically, not constantly. Set deadlines only when they are truly needed such as for key objectives or important milestones. · Avoid imposing deadlines on every small task, as this can create stress, reduce motivation, and contribute to a climate of continuous pressure · Provide clarity during high-pressure moments |
| GABA | Promote calm and clarity | · Avoid micromanagement · Create quiet zones or recovery time · Model calm behavior during stress |
References [14] to [23]
Neuroleadership in Action: Platforms and Software — Final Advice
The table presented in the previous section offers a valuable overview and general guidelines. However, to act effectively and navigate the complexities of daily leadership, project managers and project leaders must undergo proper training. Specialized courses are essential—and fortunately, today there are even AI-powered tools that provide real-time support.
Among the most notable platforms, several stand out with remarkably similar names:
- NeuraLead Institute is the world’s most advanced conscious leadership transformation platform, according to its website. [24] Neurolead Institute offers neuroscience-based leadership programs that help project leaders enhance performance, motivation, and emotional intelligence. Leaders learn how brain functions influence behavior, performance, and team dynamics. Some of their courses include “Neuroscience of Leadership: Rewiring the Executive Brain” and “The Resilient Leader: Building Mental Toughness Through Neuroscience”.
- NeuroLead offers practical training, coaching and tools to help organizations in their specific situation, challenges and needs for better performance and well-being. One of their key messages is, “When you communicate, you activate in the brain of your interlocutor, either the Pain Network or the Reward Network with two totally opposite effects: defensive reaction versus engagement. Thanks to our SAMENESS® Model, we help you activate the levers of the Reward Network to get the best of your teams and motivate them in a sustainable way. This model develops trust and psychological safety, the first conditions to create performant organizations.” [25]
- NeuroLeadership Institute (NLI) created NILES, the Neuro Intelligent Leadership Enhancing System, a natural-language AI coach trained on decades of NLI’s research and practice. Unlike generic chatbots, NILES is built with neuroscience at its core. It understands real leadership challenges, reinforces the organization’s unique values and models, and delivers real-time, high-impact coaching that helps leaders and managers get smarter every day. [26]
Conclusion
Investing time in training and equipping oneself with the right tools is essential. Organizations also play a critical role in supporting this development. When companies invest in training managers to lead people and teams more effectively, the returns are clear: higher efficiency and productivity, stronger retention and knowledge growth, and greater innovation.
In short, developing leadership capability is a smart business investment, not a wasted expense. This is not a theoretical claim—the impact of investing in leadership development is backed by measurable results. According to a recent Forbes article titled “The Neuroscience Behind Business Growth” [27], companies that adopt neuroscience-based strategies have reported a 12% improvement in productivity, along with increased creativity and innovation among employees.
References
[1]. Basketball Mindset Training. “51 Basketball Team Quotes on Sacrifice, Teamwork & Chemistry.” Last modified March 20, 2024. https://www.basketballmindsettraining.com/blog/basketball-team-quotes
[2]. Bassi, Antonio. “Neuroscience and Project Management: Towards a New Frontier in Project Management.” PM World Journal 14, no. 10 (October 2025). https://pmworldjournal.com/article/neuroscience-and-project-management
[3]. Magnusson, Olga. “Project Management and Neuroscience: Leveraging Cognitive Biases for Better Decision-Making.” Institute of Project Management. June 25, 2025. https://instituteprojectmanagement.com/blog/project-management-and-neuroscience/
[4]. Miller, Ben. “What Is Neuroleadership? Definition, Examples, and Applications in Project Management.” The Digital Project Manager. October 24, 2023. https://thedigitalprojectmanager.com/project-management/what-is-neuroleadership/
[5]. Olivia Guy-Evans, “Neurotransmitters: Types, Function and Examples”, Simply Psychology, updated May 16, 2025, https://www.simplypsychology.org/neurotransmitters.html
[6]. Harvard Health Publishing, “Dopamine: The pathway to pleasure”, no date, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/dopamine-the-pathway-to-pleasure
[7]. Editors of ScienceNewsToday. “Your Brain on Dopamine: The Science of Motivation and Pleasure.” ScienceNewsToday, 8 Aug. 2025, https://www.sciencenewstoday.com/your-brain-on-dopamine
[8]. “Serotonin.” Cleveland Clinic. November 21, 2025. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22572-serotonin
[9]. “Oxytocin: The Love Hormone,” Harvard Health Publishing, November 21, 2025, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/oxytocin-the-love-hormone
[10]. “Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline),” Cleveland Clinic, November 21, 2025, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22610-norepinephrine-noradrenaline
[11]. Adrienne Dellwo, “What Does Norepinephrine Do in the Body? A Chemical/Hormone That Affects Mood, Energy, and More,” Verywell Health, October 9, 2025, https://www.verywellhealth.com/norepinephrine-noradrenaline-5208854
[12]. “Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): What It Is, Function & Benefits.” Cleveland Clinic, 25 Apr. 2022, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22857-gamma-aminobutyric-acid-gaba
[13]. Pugle, Michelle. “6 GABA Benefits That Can Support Long-Term Health.” Last updated October 20, 2025. Medically reviewed by Violetta Shamilova, PharmD. Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/gaba-5095143
[14]. Gonzalez, Marlene, Justin James Kennedy, and Kerrie Alanen. “Neurotransmitters of Leadership.” Psychology Today. June 23, 2023. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/brain-reboot/202306/neurotransmitters-of-leadership
[15]. Falk, Stefan. “Understanding the Power of Intrinsic Motivation.” Harvard Business Review. March 8, 2023. https://hbr.org/2023/03/understand-the-power-of-intrinsic-motivation
[16]. Hails, Daniel. “The Neurological Chemistry of Leadership.” People Development Magazine. November 9, 2023. https://peopledevelopmentmagazine.com/2023/11/09/chemistry-of-leadership/
[17]. Harvard Health Publishing. “Serotonin: The Natural Mood Booster.” Harvard Health. Accessed November 22, 2025. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/serotonin-the-natural-mood-booster
[18]. Wisconsin School of Business. “The Chemicals of Leadership.” Wisconsin School of Business. Accessed November 22, 2025. https://business.wisc.edu/chemicals-of-leadership
[19]. Rudd, Julie, and Jane E. Dutton. “Connect, Then Lead.” Harvard Business Review. July–August 2013. https://hbr.org/2013/07/connect-then-lead
[20]. Neurolaunch. “The Neurochemistry of Focus.” Neurolaunch. Accessed November 22, 2025. https://neurolaunch.com/neurochemistry-of-focus
[21]. McKinsey & Company. “Performance Under Pressure.” McKinsey & Company. April 2, 2020. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/performance-under-pressure
[22]. McLeod, Saul. “GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): Function & Effects.” Simply Psychology. August 15, 2023. https://www.simplypsychology.org/gaba.html
[23]. BetterUp. “Psychological Safety and Leadership: How Leaders Can Create Safe Environments.” BetterUp. June 28, 2022. https://www.betterup.com/blog/psychological-safety-and-leadership
[24]. https://www.neuralead.org/
[25]. https://neurolead.net/model/
[26]. https://neuroleadership.com/niles
[27]. McGruer, Dawn. “The Neuroscience Behind Business Growth.” Forbes. September 4, 2024. https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbescoachescouncil/2024/09/04/the-neuroscience-behind-business-growth/
Luigi Morsa is a Team Leader, Project Manager, and Aerospace Engineer who has been working in the aircraft industry in Germany since 2012. He holds a Ph.D. in Space Fluid Dynamics from the University of Naples and was a Visiting Ph.D. student at the University of Michigan (2011). Over the course of his career, he has gained substantial experience in leading teams within highly challenging and demanding environments.
His passion for project management has led him to contribute chapters and case studies to several books by Dr. Harold Kerzner, the globally recognized pioneer in the field. These include Project Management Case Studies (Wiley, 2017, 2022), Innovation Project Management (Wiley, 2019, 2023), and Global Project Management (Wiley, 2026).
Together with Richard Maltzman, PMP and Master Lecturer at Boston University Metropolitan College, Luigi co-authored the chapter 10 Lessons Learnt from Irresponsibility in Project Management for the De Gruyter Handbook of Responsible Project Management (De Gruyter, 2023).
In April and June 2023, Luigi delivered online lectures on the “Boeing 737-Max Case Study” for the courses Portfolio and Program Management and Project Value Strategies at Boston University.
In 2018, Luigi was a speaker at the Project Management Institute EMEA Congress in Berlin, where he discussed the complexity of the aircraft industry market, with particular emphasis on aligning product development with customer needs. He also presented at the 18th Annual Project Management in Practice Conference in Boston (2024), showcasing the latest advancements in artificial intelligence software for project and innovation management. In November 2024, he spoke alongside Richard Maltzman at the International Project Management Day hosted by International Institute for Learning, delivering a talk titled Human-AI Synergy in Practice: From Traditional to Innovation Project Management.
Since 2019, Luigi has been a regular contributor to the IIL Blog, publishing articles on topics such as employee engagement, innovation, team management, risk management, conflict resolution, Agile methodologies, and artificial intelligence.
Richard Maltzman considers himself a ‘pracademic’ – currently (and for the past 10 years or so) Master Lecturer at Boston University, an author, and a consultant, providing clients with deep learning experiences and improved results. Richard “retired” from a 40-year career in telecom, mainly in engineering and project management. At the University level, and in consulting, his focus is always on converting weaknesses into strengths while teaching clients/students how to apply learned skills to everyday situations. In 2010, he co-founded EarthPM, LLC, a company devoted to integrating sustainability thinking into project management. His integration of a holistic, global view of project management has resulted in international consulting and worldwide speaking engagements (Costa Rica, South Africa, Malaysia, China, Mexico, Canada, India, Italy, The Netherlands) in which the focus is the long-term success of projects, with an eye towards ecological and social systems. His blog at PMI’s projectmanagement.com (People, Planet, Profits, and Projects) site has become very popular, and he has also started a podcast, “B’yond PM” on Spotify.
A co-author of seven books on project leadership, including the recent Great Meetings Build Great Teams, and the upcoming GreenPMO, He is a former VP of Professional Development for PMI Mass Bay (the Boston area PMI Chapter), and was on the Review Committee for the 7th Edition PMBOK® Guide, helping to assure that sustainability thinking finally made it into the Standard and the Body of Knowledge.
Rich has presented on Sustainability, Project Meetings, Change Management, and PM Competency in Italy, Malaysia, Canada, South Africa, Costa Rica, China, recently keynoting at the PMI Summit Bulgaria in Sofia.
Published Works (co-authored): Green Project Management (2011 – Winner of PMI’s Cleland Award for Literature). Project Workflow Management: A Business Process Approach (2014), Driving Project, Program, and Portfolio Success: The Sustainability Wheel (2015), Bridging the PM Competency Gap (2017), How to Facilitate Productive Project Planning Meetings, with Jim Stewart (2018), Great Meetings Build Great Teams, with Jim Stewart (2023). In 2025, Rich is publishing two co-authored works, AI Powered Leadership, with Vijay Kanabar, Dave Silberman, and Loredana Abramo, and a Kindle workbook called Planning Your Project: An Hands-On Guide to AI Integration, with Vijay Kanabar and Keyur Hindocha.
